415 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
415 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: 如何使用debootstrap构建一个最小化的Ubuntu
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date: 2020-12-19 22:39:33
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tags:
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- Ubuntu
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- Linux
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- Debootstrap
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---
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> debootstrap是debian及其附属分支下的一个工具，用来构建一套基本的系统(根文件系统)。生成的目录符合Linux文件系统标准(FHS)，即包含了/boot、/etc、/bin、/usr等等目录，但它比发行版本的Linux体积小很多
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<!--more-->
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## debootstrap介绍
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### 啥是debootstrap
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debootstrap是debian及其附属分支下的一个工具，用来构建一套基本的系统(根文件系统)。生成的目录符合Linux文件系统标准(FHS)，即包含了/boot、/etc、/bin、/usr等等目录，但它比发行版本的Linux体积小很多
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~~似曾相识燕归来~~
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### debootstrap有啥用
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debootstrap可以用来快速 简便的构建一个最小化的debian及其附属分支的最小化rootfs
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我们可以用其构建一个最小化的rootfs (主要是这个相较于 Ubuntu Server版本还是小得多)
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### 如何使用debootstrap
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其实 使用debootstrap很简单 它已经被放入到默认源了 我们只需要apt install即可
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``` bash
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sudo apt install debootstrap
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```
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如何使用呢 ~~自己看~~ 详情wiki
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```bash
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sudo debootstrap [--arch 架构（可选项）][发行版本] [目录] [映像源（可选项）]
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```
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## 开始动手构建自己的Ubuntu
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我们这里使用Ubuntu Server 20.04作为Live CD来进行构建
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### 进入Shell并安装debootstrap
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1. 点击Help
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2. Enter Shell
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3. （可选）修改sources.list
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4. update sourcelist并安装debootstrap
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``` bash
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$ sudo apt update && apt install debootstrap
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Ign:1 cdrom://Ubuntu-Server 20.04 LTS _Focal Fossa_ - Release amd64 (20200423) focal InRelease
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Hit:2 cdrom://Ubuntu-Server 20.04 LTS _Focal Fossa_ - Release amd64 (20200423) focal Release
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Get:4 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal InRelease [265 kB]
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Get:5 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [107 kB]
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Get:6 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [98.3 kB]
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Get:7 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [107 kB]
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Get:8 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages [970 kB]
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Get:9 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/main Translation-en [506 kB]
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Get:10 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [29.5 kB]
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Get:11 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/restricted amd64 Packages [22.0 kB]
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Get:12 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/restricted Translation-en [6212 B]
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Get:13 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [392 B]
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Get:14 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages [8628 kB]
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Get:15 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe Translation-en [5124 kB]
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Get:16 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [265 kB]
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Get:17 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse amd64 Packages [144 kB]
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Get:18 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse Translation-en [104 kB]
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Get:19 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [9136 B]
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Get:20 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages [197 kB]
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Get:21 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main Translation-en [77.7 kB]
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Get:22 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [5676 B]
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Get:23 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [11.0 kB]
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Get:24 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted Translation-en [3000 B]
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Get:25 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B]
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Get:26 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages [110 kB]
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Get:27 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe Translation-en [51.9 kB]
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Get:28 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [4092 B]
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Get:29 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages [1172 B]
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Get:30 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse Translation-en [540 B]
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Get:31 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B]
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Get:32 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [112 B]
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Get:33 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B]
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Get:34 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe amd64 Packages [2784 B]
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Get:35 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe Translation-en [1272 B]
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Get:36 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [192 B]
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Get:37 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B]
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Get:38 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/main amd64 Packages [106 kB]
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Get:46 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [1612 B]
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Get:47 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [1172 B]
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Get:48 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/multiverse Translation-en [540 B]
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Get:49 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B]
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Fetched 17.1 MB in 6s (3096 kB/s)
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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65 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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Suggested packages:
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arch-test squid-deb-proxy-client
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The following NEW packages will be installed:
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debootstrap
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0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 65 not upgraded.
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Need to get 39.4 kB of archives.
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After this operation, 299 kB of additional disk space will be used.
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Get:1 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 debootstrap all 1.0.118ubuntu1.1 [39.4 kB]
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Fetched 39.4 kB in 0s (221 kB/s)
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Selecting previously unselected package debootstrap.
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(Reading database ... 33860 files and directories currently installed.)
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Preparing to unpack .../debootstrap_1.0.118ubuntu1.1_all.deb ...
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Unpacking debootstrap (1.0.118ubuntu1.1) ...
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Setting up debootstrap (1.0.118ubuntu1.1) ...
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Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
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$ debootstrap
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I: usage: [OPTION]... <suite> <target> [<mirror> [<script>]]
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I: Try `debootstrap --help' for more information.
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E: You must specify a suite and a target.
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```
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### 给硬盘分区
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这步没啥好说的 用cfdisk进行分区 使用mkfs.ext4来格式化硬盘（请记住如何分区的！！！！（后面编写fstab会涉及到））
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| /dev路径 | 挂载位置 | 分区模式 | 作用 |
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| --------- | -------- | -------- | ----------- |
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| /dev/sda1 | /boot | fat32 | 负责efi引导 |
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| /dev/sda2 | swap | swap | 内存交换 |
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| /dev/sda3 | / | ext4 | 根目录 |
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```bash
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$ mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
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mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020)
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Creating filesystem with 9311995 4k blocks and 2330160 inodes
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Filesystem UUID: fbe7f7fe-1997-4ab3-929f-52aa73aa72eb
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Superblock backups stored on blocks:
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32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
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4096000, 7962624
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Allocating group tables: done
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Writing inode tables: done
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Creating journal (65536 blocks): done
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Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
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$ mkswap /dev/sda2
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Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4 GiB (4294963200 bytes)s
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no label, UUID=9fe83e8e-cd78-4a25-8a1e-ab305181c46d
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$ swapon /dev/sda2
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$ mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1
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mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
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```
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### 挂载分区并释放rootfs
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这里构建选择最新的Focal X86_64位
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```bash
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$ mkdir /target
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$ mount /dev/sda3 /target
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$ debootstrap focal /target http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu
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I: Retrieving InRelease
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I: Checking Release signature
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I: Valid Release signature (key id F6ECB3762474EDA9D21B7022871920D1991BC93C)
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I: Retrieving Packages
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I: Validating Packages
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I: Resolving dependencies of required packages...
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I: Resolving dependencies of base packages...
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I: Checking component main on http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu...
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I: Retrieving adduser 3.118ubuntu2
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I: Validating adduser 3.118ubuntu2
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I: Retrieving apt 2.0.2
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I: Validating apt 2.0.2
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…………………………………………………………
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I: Configuring console-setup...
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I: Configuring kbd...
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I: Configuring ubuntu-minimal...
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I: Configuring libc-bin...
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I: Configuring systemd...
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I: Configuring ca-certificates...
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I: Base system installed successfully. ##当你看到这句时 说明你的操作没有问题
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```
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### chroot并进行基本设置
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#### 修改软件源
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默认rootfs中的软件源不完整 我们这里cp一下live cd的软件源
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``` bash
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cp /etc/apt/sources.list /target/etc/apt/sources.list;sed -i 3d /target/etc/apt/sources.list
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```
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``` bash
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$ cat >> /target/etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
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# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
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# newer versions of the distribution.
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted
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## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
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## distribution.
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted
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## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
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## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
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## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe
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## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
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## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
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## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
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## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
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## security team.
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse
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## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
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## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
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## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
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## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
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## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
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## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
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## 'partner' repository.
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## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
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## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
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# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
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# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security universe
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security universe
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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security multiverse
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# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security multiverse
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```
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#### 编写fstab
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这里推荐一下这篇文章 [linux之fstab文件详解 来自csdn richerg85](https://blog.csdn.net/richerg85/article/details/17917129)
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fstab主要由这几部分组成
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``` text
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<file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
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（/dev下的位置）（挂载位置）（文件系统）（挂载参数）（dump 工具通过它决定何时作备份）（fsck 读取 <pass> 的数值来决定需要检查的文件系统的检查顺序。）
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```
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这里以我的fstab文件作为实例
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```bash
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$ cat >> /target/etc/fstab << EOF
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tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nodev,nosuid 0 0
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/dev/sda2 none swap defaults 0 0
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/dev/sda3 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 0
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```
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#### chroot进入系统
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先挂载efi分区
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```bash
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mkdir /target/boot/efi && \
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mount /dev/sda1 /target/boot/efi
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```
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挂载proc等分区
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```bash
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for i in /dev /dev/pts /proc /sys /run; do sudo mount -B $i /target$i; done
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```
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挂载并安装grub和kernel(这里安装的是虚拟化内核)
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```bash
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$ sudo chroot /target
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$ sudo passwd ##配置passwd
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New password:
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Retype new password:
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passwd: password updated successfully
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$ sudo apt install grub-efi-amd64 linux-virtual -y ##安装grub和kernel
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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The following additional packages will be installed:
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efibootmgr gettext-base grub-common grub-efi-amd64-bin grub-efi-amd64-signed grub2-common libefiboot1 libefivar1
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libfreetype6 libfuse2 libpng16-16 linux-headers-generic linux-headers-virtual os-prober sbsigntool secureboot-db
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Suggested packages:
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rvice.
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: is-active
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: start
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Setting up libefiboot1:amd64 (37-2ubuntu2) ...
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Setting up linux-virtual (5.4.0.26.32) ...
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Setting up libfreetype6:amd64 (2.10.1-2) ...
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Setting up efibootmgr (17-1) ...
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Setting up grub-common (2.04-1ubuntu26) ...
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: is-active
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: restart
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update-rc.d: warning: start and stop actions are no longer supported; falling back to defaults
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload
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Running in chroot, ignoring request.
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: is-active
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: restart
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Setting up os-prober (1.74ubuntu2) ...
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Setting up grub-efi-amd64-bin (2.04-1ubuntu26) ...
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Setting up grub2-common (2.04-1ubuntu26) ...
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Setting up grub-efi-amd64 (2.04-1ubuntu26) ...
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Setting up grub-efi-amd64-signed (1.142+2.04-1ubuntu26) ...
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Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3) ...
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Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload
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Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9) ...
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```
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#### 安装grub2
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```bash
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$ grub-install /dev/sda
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update-grub Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
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Installation finished. No error reported.
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$ update-grub
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Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
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Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg'
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Generating grub configuration file ...
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Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-26-generic
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Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-26-generic
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Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings
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done
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```
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#### 设置网络
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Ubuntu 18.04及其上的Server版本默认使用systemd-networkd联网
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先使用ip a获取设备
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```bash
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$ ip a
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1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
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link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
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inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 ::1/128 scope host
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000 ## ens33就是网络设备
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link/ether 00:0c:29:9d:a0:73 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 192.168.57.140/24 brd 192.168.57.255 scope global dynamic ens33
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valid_lft 5433596sec preferred_lft 5433596sec
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inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe9d:a073/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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```
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配置所有网卡DHCP联网
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```bash
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$ cat >> /etc/systemd/network/ens33.network << EOF
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[Match]
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Name=*
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[Network]
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DHCP=both
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```
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#### 重启
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```bash
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$ exit
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exit
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reboot
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```
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PS: 第一次开机会有一点点慢（就亿点点）
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### 重启并配置网络
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启动systemd-networkd
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd
|
||
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.freedesktop.network1.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service.
|
||
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/systemd-networkd.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service.
|
||
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/systemd-networkd.socket → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.socket.
|
||
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/network-online.target.wants/systemd-networkd-wait-online.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd-wait-online.service.
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
修改hostname并添加hosts
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
$ hostnamectl set-hostname vm-ubuntu-test
|
||
$ cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
|
||
127.0.0.1 vm-ubuntu-test localhost
|
||
::1 vm-ubuntu-test localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
|
||
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
|
||
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
最后reboot生效
|
||
|
||
享受全新的ubuntu体验吧
|